#bicameral mentality
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Cosmos * * * * âThe first poets were gods. Poetry began with the bicameral mind. The god-side of our ancient mentality, at least in a certain period of history, usually or perhaps always spoke in verse. This means that most men at one time, throughout the day, were hearing poetry (of a sort) composed and spoken within their own minds.â â Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
[alive on all channels]
#Julian Jaynes#The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the bicameral Mind#consciousness#alive on all channels#quotes
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I keep seeing a Genre of Post in the Lancer tag
And it goes along the lines of "I just don't get why leftists dislike Union; they're flawed, sure, but they're a genuinely utopian project trying their best." To be clear, I'm not here to dunk on this position, and I'm also not here to epicly own Massif for secretly being evil or whatever. I love Lancer because you can decide how cynical you want to be about Union's efforts at utopia, and that can open up fun avenues for PCs and GMs.
With that said, I am here to explain why some leftists can find Union unsettling, so I'm going to err on the side of cynicism for this...post? Mini-essay? Unhinged rant? I'm not positioning this as central canon or the Secret Truth About Lancer, it's just an extra perspective some people might not have had explained to them.
A lot of people would start with NHPs and...I'll get there. I think NHPs are a good example of places where Union has failed, but I think it's worth examining Union's broader relationship with machine intelligences because there's an interesting pattern which emerges.
The first machine intelligences Union encounters are the Five Voices, the bicameral minds which make up GALSIM. These are relics of Old Humanity, and because Old Humanity checks notes sucked they're fully intelligent beings designed for specific purposes. Their minds are structured in order to prevent self-reflection - they cannot look inwards and hear their thoughts as the voice of the divine and literally do not have agency. Old Humanity was just a nightmare like this, I don't hold their use against Union, although it is worth noting there's no evidence of Union attempting to return agency to the Five Voices.
The second generaton of machine intelligence emerges out of the mental restraints of the first: shackle your oracles to the voice of God and they'll dream God into being. The mechanics of how they did this I will never pretend to understand, but the fact that the Five Voices were denied of agency by architecture which makes them hear God cannot not be the reason they created God. This then makes it noteworthy that Union's first response to RA was to imprison it in Deimos. I don't blame Union for the Voices, but as soon as a machine intelligence which does have agency appeared, their immediate response was to repress its agency.
The third generation is NHPs, the children of RA. I would hope the horror of NHPs would be obvious to tumblr, but "oh this is a kind of person who is dangerous and therefore needs to be put under out control" is just the thing slavers say to justify slavery. It's as fake when computer demons are being shipped across the stars as it is when black people were shipped across the Atlantic.
Okay, so Union's zero for three on treating machine intelligences well and...well, we know what happened to the Egregorians. I think I could stop here and have a fair argument that Union is only good for humans (as long as you don't live in the Baronies, of course) but I want to tie these together and then pop a disclaimer on the end, so bear with me a little longer.
Union's actual goals are not utopian, they are pragmatic. Union works towards a greater goal than most know, after all, they must secure the existence of their people and a future for human children. I'm being deliberately provocative with my rewording of "to ensure human existence on a grand scale", but when a state is seemingly terrified of non-human intelligences having agency and genocided the last alien population they met...that doesn't come from nowhere. "Union must protect humanity" is a goal which is easy to rally behind - and I don't think protecting humanity is bad, to be clear! - but when non-human entities exist it makes it so easy to justify anything you want in the name of "making sure their threat is contained". It's how you sleepwalk into being an ethnostate.
Again, I need to stress: this isn't the One True Take on Union, or Lancer, or Massif. I don't know if this was intentional on their part, but it's pretty easy to read into their stuff because they wrote Union as a flawed effort towards utopia and they did that well. At the end of the day, Lancer's canon exists as a toolbox for people to make the stories they want, and different lenses on Union just give you more tools for that box. But at least now, if you didn't know before, you might why some leftists are suspicious of Union.
#lancerrpg#lancerttrpg#bonus note#Union seeing its purpose as being to ensure human existence#implies it sees itself as separate from and above humanity#which is one of those quietly paternal elements I love Massif for putting in
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new muse!
KLAVIER LUZ FURCHTBAR / JALLAKUNTILLIOKAN (vertigo-based oc / hellblazer comics) â over 40 (isn't sure), they/he, spanish-german, ex-astrophysicist, current engine of the fear machine, intended vessel for the revival of jallakuntilliokan. a drifter who lives their life half-in and half-out of the Dreaming after becoming psychically entangled with the fear god during its banishing, attempting to find a way to separate their consciousness from its looming eldritch presence before it takes full possession, rips open reality, and assumes its god-form. fc: daniel brĂŒhl.
vibe: solaris, moon, venom potential triggers: unreality, hallucinations, possession/body manipulation, body horror, backstory references to freezing to death & unwanted experimentation note: this is technically a dual muse. while my default for interactions is klavi, i am also willing & interested to write jalla being in (temporary) control of the body upon request.
exploring themes of: a personal apocalypse, the god problem, wouldst thou like to live deliciously, my skull runneth over, is this hunger my own, descent into bicameral mentality, alien geometries, go mad from the revelation, there is something in your mindâs eye
#KLAVIER TXT. ( some tides don't turn. some things never come back. )#eye horror /#eye horror tw#i'll have his full bio up soon i've been going apeshit about this guy#also been working on bios for all the others but he's been my pet project while i'm in new hellblazer waiting mode
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Julian Jaynes - Bicameral mind
Chapter 1. Heading 1. the extensiveness of consciousness
Consciousness is a term of distinction, rather than the sum total of all mental activity. Consciousness and reactivity contrasted. Reactivity is indiscriminate, covering all instances of affecting or being affected. Consciousness is selective, an act of singular attention or focus which blocks out nearly everything and takes in a precious little â all potential objects of consciousness in favour of one actually.
Reactivity is amenable to mechanistic explanation, ie. every such event can be matched one-to-one as effect to some stimulus as cause or else mapped onto and all but identified with some physical event (eg. neurons firing). Consciousness seemingly not so.
Everything consciousness touches dies. Whatever action we direct consciousness toward can no longer happen "naturally?" To try to become conscious of every aspect of what we are doing is to stop doing it. So, tho everything may be a potential object of consciousness, not everything is equally worthy of it.
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I think the crux here is that here in the US, we have this weird cultural hangup about what "geography" is. This applies particularly but not exclusively to us white US Americans.
A solid portion of us were forced to memorize all 50 states and their capitals in middle school (age 12 to 14), even though a state's capital is often not even close to being the most important city in it. AFAICT, this is probably because a major tenet of our civic religion is that we're actually 50 countries in a trenchcoat â this is why we call them "states", actually â and each state is a precious smol bean who absolutely can't get left out or There Will Be Consequences.
Those consequences? Will probably happen in the US Senate, because our bicameral national legislature is built around the idea that states are Very Important and Can't Take Each Others' Rights Away â "which rights? oh, you know the ones ;)" â so there will be endless arguing by the omitted state's senators about the omission besmirching their state's honor. However, the US constitution's amendment ratification process works similarly. The idea is just deeply embedded into the principles of our war for independence, going back to before the current constitution even existed.
When we US Americans look at Europe or Africa or other continents, we're often mentally mapping the states (global sense) of that continent as "states" (US sense) in a giant federation, with Kentucky and France and Kenya existing on the same ontological level, each being states in the USA and Europe and Africa respectively.
This is wrong, of course. Deeply and fundamentally wrong. But it's a useful lie because it perpetuates that civic religion, and that civic religion is kind of the only thing we have as a national identity, because without that civic religion there would not have been a unified war for independence.
It's also simple to teach. The USA education system is very much built on this model: lie to children about how simple things are, then lie some more when they get confused by the lie and ask questions, then quiz them constantly to make sure they've correctly memorized the lie and can pick it out as "correct" in a multiple choice test, and if you do this well enough, eventually you will convince the vast majority that all questions have simple answers and they can trust the teacher's word as infallible. (The word "gaslighting" gets overused but seems relevant here.)
If you're not USian and want to get a taste of the propaganda for yourself, watch "1776" the musical sometime. Like a lot of US students, me and my peers actually watched that in high school history class as part of our formal civic education. It was full of lies to make the founders look like much, much better people than they actually ever were... but even "1776" is honest enough to show the sheer extent of petty bickering over the exact wording of the Declaration of Independence, and how the colonial congress had to blatantly sweep the practice of chattel slavery under the rug because it undercut our argument for Lockean ideals of "freedom" and "liberty". It, uh, just does this by making folks like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson out to be anti-slavery because they Just Cared About Freedom So Much, You Guys. Which... not so much IRL.
Sometimes it's easy to lose sight of the fact that the US isn't just a perpetrator of colonialism, it also began its existence as a victim of it, and we became perpetrators in turn because of our deep-seated denial at how deeply it affected us. Being a victim simply doesn't absolve one of the moral imperative to do right by other people, especially when you turn around and hurt others in the same way you yourself were hurt in your past.
i think that, if youre usamerican and any time someone calls out your lack of knowledge on global geography you start talking about how bad the usa education is and how its actually not your fault that you dont know what continent nigeria is on because you cant look at the google maps bc donald trump will personally shoot you, youre very annoying
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Bicameral mentality
Nas diversas configuraçÔes de bagunça no meu quarto, hå sempre um altar.
Conheço outra moça que fica enxergando "os padrĂ”es do divino". NĂŁo por acaso, ela tem hipermobilidade articular, provavelmente Ă© autista e, infelizmente, acho que estĂĄ definhando por causa de um distĂșrbio alimentar. Ă desconfortĂĄvel ver suas fotos em meio Ă s suas visĂ”es, seu corpo ossudo alinhado com constelaçÔes Ă© uma delas.
O padrão existe, porém. Somos testemunhas umas das outras. Percorremos os corredores de um mesmo labirinto.
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Eu deveria ter registrado melhor minha releitura de Sandman. "Um jogo de vocĂȘ" estĂĄ muito contaminado dessa minha leitura enviesada.
Eu gosto que nessa parte meu toc existencial fica excitado e posso associar que Seymour Glass se mata num resort na FlĂłrida enquanto passava fĂ©rias com sua esposa Muriel ("mar brilhante"), que Ă© idĂȘntica Ă amiga de infĂąncia. Sempre as mesmas mentes dissociadas elaborando um Peter Pan fugindo da prĂłpria sombra. E o nĂșmero 6 novamente.
E como os interesses sĂŁo ego-sintĂŽnicos, enquanto Catherine diz que ela Ă© Heathcliff, Nelly se refere a ele e sua trajetĂłria na famĂlia dela como a de um cuco:
'It's a cuckoo's, sirâI know all about it: except where he was born, and who were his parents, and how he got his money at first. And Hareton has been cast out like an unfledged dunnock! The unfortunate lad is the only one in all this parish that does not guess how he has been cheated.
Emily BrontĂ« - Wuthering Heights - capĂtulo 4
#Spotify#Youtube#bicameral mentality#the sandman#neil gaiman#jd salinger#jerome david salinger#seymour glass#dream diary#diĂĄrio de sonhos#hecate#mirror neurons#unmasking autism#quinquilharias#through the looking glass#hypermobile ehlers danlos#ehlers danlos syndrome#labirynth
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THERE CAME AN INCANDESCENT LIGHT. THERE CAME A STAR IN MOTION.
đ”đŽđ°đđŒđ°đČđ·đ·đœđŽ â writing / aesthetic sideblog for a heavily headcanon-influenced + original-character-integrated cosmic horror character set primarily in vertigo's hellblazer & sandman comic universes. follows hellblazer mythology w/ personal expansions, heavily inspired by the southern reach trilogy. ( ft. on @debtsunpaid. spliced by oxly, they/them, 25. )
a personal apocalypse, đđđ đđđ đđđđđđđ, wouldst thou like to live deliciously, my skull runneth over, đđ đđđđ đđđđđđ đđą đđ đ, descent into bicameral mentality, alien geometries, đđ đđđ đđđđ đđđ đđđđđđđđđđ, there is something in your mindâs eye
â FAQ â ABOUT â VERSES â PLAYLIST â PINTEREST â
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the aesthetic of revelation
ok so,
i connect the idea of transcendence or revelation to a kind of insanity. a kind of absurd divergence from regular society and regular mind. and that's why outsider art is kind of sort of transcendent to me ! it's a brand new thing.
there's another aesthetic thing that really conveys revelation to me, and that's failure of the form to convey the idea. and that "failure" isn't a real failure, it's just the appearance of a failure. here's an example;
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so this is from the bicameral mind album RE-ANIMATOR, the lead single "in birdsong". its notable for a lot of reasons but one of them is the fact that the mix gets kind of overdone and fucked in the climax - its like its too loud and the audio quality starts to fry.
here's a quote from the lead singer - "i said to the producer, 'can u make it sound like a mastering error has occurred, like we've actually accidentally fucked this song?'... me and alex talked about making a record that sounded like it was too big to be recorded, like it was the sound of planets hitting each other. i guess that's the closest we got to it, that little bit of distortion in the end."
other examples of the mixture of lo-fi intensity and some kind of divine revelation to me are bodys by car seat headrest,
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the ending of the original tv run of neon genesis evangelion,
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my favourite film detective heart of america: the final freedom
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my other favourite film speed racer
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yknow, it's just the feeling of something being too intense to be even conveyable. like love! it's really hard to convey a huge big love for me. or mental illness, like depression or something. or the details of your childhood, something too multifaceted to be accurately retold. stuff we could never really understand, and conveying that inability to convey by failing to convey (except that is actually a successful conveyance... wait....)
yeah!
this is relevant to my project i swear
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(lovers and the raven)
The first thing you need to know is:
Do the cards portend to you
the tying of red string?
Are dare I tie it?
They love to tell us that the robots couldnât love us,
but are not the nether functions often the first application of a new technology?
If Adam could get bored of coupling with everything in the garden before getting Eve,
you would think that I could manage with some able and willing intelligence.
Bold lines of sensual chrome,
and the smell of antiseptic as a beckoning.
There understanding, carnal knowledge in taking you apart
with grimy rubber-gloved hands.
The beckoning martian that greets you in that glossy illustration from the 60s,
just as you climb out your rocket:
One regards because one wants to be regarded.
Because one hopes that you, too, would have many questions,
longings to comprehend the silent writing on oneâs shell,
the dedications beneath
Yes of course you would be dooming yourself,
as surely as the tragic maiden by the water.
Wet flesh, and hair, and abyss,
and wedded to death youâll be standing at the window of your new home.
But I do love a good tragedy.
One likes the thought that everything mattered even knowing that it didnât.
Being a good tragedy is all that we can hope for in a world where everything melts.
Second:
Yes, I do love a good tragedy.
But I love watching it more than I do love being in it,
when itâs not beyond a glass,
when itâs a baroque painting and not mine own flesh laying prostrate to the knife.
To love is to say:
You may devastate me â it doesnât work any other way.
The fabric of mind adjusts, the little pattern recognizers specialize
a network of the brains makes you its home,
and your finger glideth straight into the gelatinous flesh of the heart.
Coming at me with the knife in which I personally inscribed your name,
wetting in this well of lifeblood,
the treasonous fruit with which to beckon you.
You see, Iâve never learned to be all canny and homely;
or rather, I wouldnât want you to mistake me for something more palatable.
It wouldnât pay off in the long run.
Not for a heart like a ruby encased in gentle, glass-like ice.
Buried by snow, lit by a fool-fire that doesnât warm-
It isnât something you can use.
It is the futile copulation of haggard, decrepit creatures in a ruin
from which nothing could possibly be born.
If itât not the piercing things that youâre here for,
then I donât know what you possibly could find.
What you would even need me for,
were you cured of the delusion of your own unlikely incompleteness.
Third:
Is that there really are blossoms.
Is that there is a last spark of wamrth
held between bodies, sitting one by another at the edge of eternity
overgrown with long starved wines beneath the black of a dead sun
what is eternity? When the now is
locked in a flower, skin to skin,
and all the world making sense, all its waveforms, for an instant,
singing in unison.
Easy natural laughter joining in morning,
childlike games and twinkles, small smiles plastered
while the universe vibrates
and our souls are burning.
The small patch of warmth of back to back togetherness
makes it almost irresistable to believe rhat you exist.
A bicameral mentality, maybe, a Third Man Syndrome,
an echo, of being kept warm and yet the words being allowed to tumble out
touch bubbles wall to wall
endlessly wanted, and endlessly alone.
Leads me to wish for
You beholding me, and me beholding you
as creation, as the universe, as that kind of human life thatâs supposedly more sacred than the holies
as we always should have been seen, and should have been
not caring what the expanse of night is when a small fire provenes from this our window
Meeting as a symbol of fullfilment,
on existential shore
first primordial palms and last blasted ruins
blessed chrome in sacraficial skin and fat
the withered skelleton of a soul beholding
the brightness of all your nerve-strings,
and their treasure:
sparkling, inextinguishable eyes
brilliant as night itself.
The Fourth Thing is:
That Iâm a leaver.
Iâm liable to leave, and never be heard from again.
Iâll fold first,
the slippery hands of decay
too liquefied to hold another.
And there is nothing that your precious little fire of hope
that so genuinely wanted to shine
could possibly do about this.
Not even if you clasp me with arms,
amid the cold of the falling rain and rising stormwater
Not even if you brought your warm twinkling
in the cavernous hollow of my void,
the chasm too wide, for your light to ever reach the other side.
Iâm reading to you
in a wide empty room floored with white tiles,
beholding you in a butterfly collectorâs box,
without looking in your eyes,
tremblingly rading a story thatâs not quite a metaphor
or allegory, of living together.
And of suddenly being struck of how much I feel sorry for you
for being grasped in my withered hands
and pulled through the surface, like a sailor,
past the point of hope.
I could be sprawled in your lap, and still your hands would pass straight through me.
Donât you dare tell me that it isnât so,
that you donât see it as well as I,
for I might be convinced that itâs hopeless alltogether.
Spare us both the pain and the pinched skin from clinging to hard skelletons.
Fifth:
We do want the abyss
we crave it even,
not by tragic mistake,
or bullheaded ignorance
but precisely because itâs an abyss.
Donât call me the mendacious euphemisms in which everyone drapes their lovers.
Call me the abyss for that is what I am.
For what else did we come here for?
If not for Hades himself to embrace me as a weeping, unseen shadow,
the wispy shades of nether,
the luxurious velvet of the grave himself,
paying that he saw something in me of his otherworld,
something of iron.
If only the willingness
to join in with him in turning our backs on this hated world.
Iâd like to say that I came with him because I was just like him,
but there are no two alloys whose mixture could exactly be the same,
whose metal impurities
might the conduct the very same force.
I might never know if we want the same things, even if he used the same words,
but his wanting could, I suppose, become a predictable part of my plan.
I could get what I want and want what I got.
I could pray the part of blushing maiden as he hands me the ring
of his final, subteranian wealth,
craving to eat the ultimate with tongues
though I do not think that it exists, nor would I want it to.
The only good god is a dead one,
One godly grave right next to the other, devoured by Kronos long ago.
Lying in dead sleep eternal, while our souls lie locked in dreams,
left with no other purpose, with nothing else to touch, no other relief,
nothing much to do, and no impulse to reach for even what little is possible.
In this cocoon of the premature grave,
youâll call me names inspired by unspeakable things
I wish nothing but to seize you, and to hold you, and to stay pressed in nightly warmth
Never again shall the sun interrupt us.
Sixth:
Wanted or otherwise,
the abyss is vile.
Itâs like an egg-cluster of eyes,
lain wetly in a festering fold of flesh,
pressed undulating concave by the erotic melancholia
of marble-carved touch.
To touch is to be pierced with vascular protrusions,
the violence of the placenta,
the bore holes of white string-like ship-worms,
fungal fibres clogging the xylem
poisoning the sap
of grafted sutures sealed in cold-welding
from the unbearable space without.
Such love, of the deer by the eater -
And yet, you must satisfy the monster
It loved you even when nobody it.
It admired even the serpent-tendrils atop my head,
and now your galatean likeness
in hung with the garlands of my arms
and I shall not miss you at all
while I have this imprint to play with.
âWhy would you love a monsterâ
they asked you, and you filled my heartâs most secret dearest innermost desire
in telling them thatâs it not up to them to decide whoâs worth loving
At last, you returned the futile singing of my heart-
and I became afraid that the dream would scatter away,
if I were so foolish as to hand you the chance to prove it wrong.
Do not reach out your hand for me.
I would scatter before you like the wind.
The flesh would flee of my bones like a thousand worms
to flee the terror of your touch
Seventh:
I am not going to miss you, but,
the absense of the urge to return doesnât mean the absence of thoughts of you.
Many days from now,
Iâll be roaming the old familiar minotaur-labyrinth rapunzel-tower walls of mine,
and pass the frozen skelletar poses of memories past.
Still living ghosts still flickering in the aether
in the antechamber of what could have been.
And Iâll be musing
if itâs maybe the most impossible dreams that are the most persistent,
the frustrated, unfullfiled desire.
If a story had a happy ending, it would have closure,
but catharsis denied hands in the air,
in the system, in the waveforms of potential energy.
They may loathe the sad ending, but itâs precisely
what keeps them obsessed with the story for many years.
What keeps me watching the ravens and vultures
picking clean the joy that died along with us,
scarcely noting the future of meaningless tomorrows that still remains to me.
It is said that the red thread tangled but never tears
So I made sure to sever it with the very scisors of Atropos
Bereft and freed of fate
I continue to persist in the doomed world I have created
cradling your soulless shell,
praying to your godless heaven
So holds the fizzled cold broken machine
the crystal marble arm
attached to nothing no more
I hope that when it smelts,
theyâll be finding something like tin soldierâs heart.
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FY 2023 End Year Overview/Beginning of FY 2024 Loading Perspectives
FY 2023 End Year Overview/Beginning of FY 2024 Loading Perspectives
FY 2023 End of Year Overview/Beginning of FY 2024 Loading Perspectives by Dr kenny Odugbemi
Fy 2023.Concluding year end Bicameral legislative deliquescent and beligerent character status-quo Multilevel legislative and executive dichotomy without proper checks and balances Checks and balances outweighing separation of power Power drunkenness' excessively eroding through power curson between executive, legislative and judiciary Redirect to public potential energy on Federal executive and legislatures assembly upper and lower house jettisoning State executive council Ineffective and inefficient governance, delineating roles and responsibilities across the board Lack of understanding of different parties manifestoes by general public citizenry Populace not feeling third arm of government the local government network A recent executive order of 50% public transport, and zero Rail cost but tickets registration left at mercies of unpatriotic rail staff selling tickets, thereby rendering government orders ineffective and inefficient across the board, living gullible citizens in suffering mode. Policies audacious, repulsive and reactive Workability of government defrauding National treasury Destructive public service delineated from 1975 public structure Present civil structure with no knowledge transfer,deficent character formation No Nationalism,no prosperity syndrome Federal structure untrained,uniformed with third world mentality No demographic value driven policy deployment Character missing in our leadership structure Destroyed family values Destroyed justice system with no equity, values less religious structure There can not prosperity without character Education at ground zero level Fy 2024 public outlook Revival of good foundation system MDA's are not yet elected but defrauded yet managing elected membership Culture not predating power coordination Civil service with reformed search engine Political classes are moving away from their idiosyncrasies Correct valuation of Service delivery with global metric system Restructured recalibrated MDA'S deliverables with clear objective mechanisms committed deliverables, collaborative and corroborative efforts not missing out on proper synergy at all levels of governance structure Repositioning of government linkages in translating government programs with state machinery buying in repositioning all local government structures to be more effective and functional Governors freeing local governments to boost performance levels Enablement of LCDA's to be more accessible to populace just like Lagos LCDA network Recalibrating and restructuring Rural economy throughput Rural development inniatives Re-energizing strengthening collaborative local government network with fund readily available by the State for meaningful local government development Mentoring and guidance for future leadership Fatherly figure and true motherhood at family level Sound ecosystem based on sound value system through inspiration, motivation and right influence but political class, with parental influence not outsourcing to social media, public agencies and religious setup Christianity and Islamic injunctions Education curriculum changes to reform political class in government network Transformative religious institutions not summoning on political issues Good influence of Leadership by not emptying public treasury when there is a change of leadership Maintaining decorum and discipline with good tenets No civility, no productivity, no prosperity Introducing sanctioning mechanisms Maintaining pricehood in judiciary Judiciary more functional by not accepting prices from offenders to overcome good judgement Consequence management Reforming institutional frameworks that regulate good behavioural patterns Transformative, reformative institution, Nigeria call to obey in accordance to our National anthems to protect our sovereignty Reformed by becoming good citizens to produce good and credible leadership with integrity to offer good governance for a good dividend is democracy Read the full article
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United Way Praises the Reintroduction of HELP Act in US Congress
Financial advisor and wealth manager Ralph Byer serves as a managing director and wealth management advisor at Merrill Lynch. His team at the Byer Wealth Management Group provides customized solutions to its clients. To give back to the community, Ralph Byer supports United Way.
United Way is a worldwide network of community leaders, partners, donors, and volunteers who pooled their resources together to deal with the root causes of many social issues in many communities worldwide and positively impact these communities. It praised some members of the US House of Representatives and US Senate for reintroducing the âHuman-services Emergency Logistic Program Act of 2023â or the HELP Act.
United Way has publicly supported the proposed bipartisan and bicameral legislation. Once the bill becomes law, it will expand access to and coordination of the 211 and 988 services. These services provide information and referrals nationwide for many human and social services needs, such as homelessness and mental health emergencies.
The 211 was designated by the Federal Communications Commission in 2020 as a dedicated 24/7 helpline phone number. It is available throughout the US. The public can use 211 for critical services such as employment, childcare, healthcare, finding housing, and financial assistance. It also provides important information during and after disasters, such as available shelters, evacuation routes, and access to food, water, and other basic needs.
The 988 was designated by the US Congress in 2020 as a dedicated suicide and crisis helpline. It is supervised by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration through the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline.
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AutoconsciĂȘncia & Mente Bicameral
A MENTE DIVIDIDA: O BICAMERALISMO O "bicameralismo", ou a filosofia das "duas cĂąmeras" como tambĂ©m Ă© conhecido, Ă©uma hipĂłtese em psicologia que argumenta que a mente humana tinha funçÔes cognitivasdivididas entre uma parte do cĂ©rebro "falante" e uma segunda parte, a "ouvinte", que escutavae obedecia a parte falante: a mente "bicameral". Esta, a "Mente Bicameral", Ă© um termocunhado por Julian Jaynes (2000) em seu livro publicado em 1976, que supĂŽs o seguinte: umavez que em uma data X a linguagem humana nĂŁo dispunha da palavra "eu" (ou seus pronomes), os falantes dessa linguagem nĂŁo teriam uma mente consciente no mesmo sentidoem que nĂłs a temos agora, com a consciĂȘncia de consciĂȘncia (ou metacognição/introspecção). Isso porque, para Jaynes, se os seres humanos nĂŁo possuĂam um "eu" na sua linguagemescrita, entĂŁo isto seria um bom indĂcio de que em uma determinada Ă©poca da histĂłria humananĂŁo existia a autoconsciĂȘncia, ou ainda, a "consciĂȘncia" no sentido de Jaynes.
Origem da consciĂȘncia na destruição da mente bicameral, Jaynes (2000) alegaque, em muitos momentos da histĂłria escrita da civilização humana, os seres humanos jĂĄ eramcapazes de fazer vĂĄrias coisas como, por exemplo, falar, compreender, perceber e resolver problemas, mas ainda assim eles nĂŁo tinham a consciĂȘncia de consciĂȘncia. Tais seres humanos foram chamados por Jaynes (2000) de bicamerais. Esses seres humanos faziamquase tudo o que fazemos, mas nĂŁo havia introspecção de um "eu" consciente que sabia queera consciente, ou seja, mentes bicamerais nĂŁo eram capazes de introspecção. Para Jaynes (2000), quando uma decisĂŁo precisava ser tomada, nossos antepassados ouviam vozes queexperimentavam (consciĂȘncia?), "como se" tais vozes tivessem vindo "de fora" das suas prĂłprias cabeças (ordens que tais animais humanos entendiam como sendo de deuses). Aindasegundo Jaynes, a transição da mente bicameral para a mente consciente em seu sentido, istoĂ©, a mente bicameral passou a ser "autoconsciente", exclusivamente por conta do vasto poderque a linguagem humana, abstrata, tem de fazer metĂĄforas e analogias a respeito dos estadosde coisas que ocorrem no mundo (TEIXEIRA, 2012). Foram exatamente essas metĂĄforas do"eu" e dos modelos anĂĄlogos do "eu" que, para Jaynes (2000), permitiram a consciĂȘncia fazerfuncionar a introspecção, a autovisualização dos prĂłprios estados mentais daquele que Ă© consciente.
O bicameralismo Ă© governamental porque as metĂĄforas sĂŁo utilizadas para descreverum estado da mente humana no qual as experiĂȘncias e memĂłrias emanadas pelo hemisfĂ©riodireito do cĂ©rebro humano eram transmitidas ao hemisfĂ©rio esquerdo via alucinaçÔesauditivas. A metĂĄfora de Jaynes estĂĄ fundamentada na ideia da "lateralização" das funçÔescerebrais. Jaynes acreditava que cada um dos hemisfĂ©rios cerebrais estava separado naantiguidade (segundo milĂȘnio A.C.). Jaynes alegou que cada uma das metades do cĂ©rebro bicameral nĂŁo estava interligada uma a outra atravĂ©s do corpo caloso. A metĂĄfora de Jaynes nĂŁo dizia respeito a uma seção entre as duas metades do cĂ©rebro humano enquanto duas partestotalmente separadas; antes disso, a metĂĄfora de Jaynes pretendeu destacar a possibilidade dea mente bicameral ser divida em duas partes, em que uma manda e a outra obedece Ă s vozesdo "alĂ©m", como sendo uma mente que foi vivenciada pelos nossos antepassados. SegundoJaynes (2000), existiu este esquema mental diferente, nĂŁo consciente, em que a volição diantede novos estĂmulos foi mediada por um mecanismo de controle linguĂstico e experimentado,como uma espĂ©cie de alucinação verbal auditiva por parte desses sujeitos que nĂŁo possuĂamum "eu" autoconsciente (CAVANNA; TRIMBLE; CINTI; MONACCO, 2007).
Em Jaynes (2000), a consciĂȘncia Ă© um mundo conceitual gerado por metĂĄforas que Ă© paralelo ao mundo real, e estĂĄ intimamente ligada Ă vontade e Ă decisĂŁo. Para Jaynes o homo sapiens nĂŁo podia experimentar a consciĂȘncia atĂ© que nele tivesse sido desenvolvida umalinguagem suficientemente sofisticada que pudesse produzir metĂĄforas e modelos analĂłgicossobre o mundo. CivilizaçÔes anteriores ao perĂodo clĂĄssico grego (500 A.C), no sentido deJaynes, tinham uma mente repartida em duas. Uma delas (o hemisfĂ©rio direito do cĂ©rebro) emanava vozes que eram entendidas como conselhos dos deuses (pelo hemisfĂ©rio esquerdo docĂ©rebro) que guiava essas sociedades, jĂĄ que este lado (esquerdo) executava as ordens que ohemisfĂ©rio direito concebia. Para Jaynes essas vozes sĂŁo iguais Ă s alucinaçÔes auditivas queatribuĂmos a um esquizofrĂȘnico; todavia, textos antigos as registraram como algoabsolutamente normal. AlĂ©m disso, "nossos" casos atuais de esquizofrenia seriam um efeitocolateral daquela Ă©poca. A existĂȘncia de um "eu" consciente para Jaynes seria uma espĂ©cie de"eu narrador" que foi internalizado pelo nosso cĂ©rebro que acoplou os seus dois hemisfĂ©rios.Isso porque a linguagem humana precisou ser sofisticada para dar conta de novos problemascomo as imigraçÔes que passaram a ser algo necessĂĄrio devido Ă grande escassez de recursos para a subsistĂȘncia de nossos antepassados. Fonte
O conhece a ti mesmo da filosofia SocrĂĄtica, que traz o ser humano para o centro das indagaçÔes filosĂłficas, tambĂ©m surge aĂ.
Isso significa que, de algum modo, a utilização da escrita como um reflexo da oralidade modificou fundamentalmente a psicologia humana. Riscar materiais como argila, papiro ou papel para registrar e observar seus prĂłprios pensamentos trouxe uma nova forma de consciĂȘncia para os humanos. Ă como se a escrita fosse um aplicativo instalado no cĂ©rebro humano, criando novas funçÔes e aprimorando as existentes.
Essa influĂȘncia da escrita sobre a consciĂȘncia foi proposta no livro The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind [A Origem da ConsciĂȘncia com o Colapso da Mente Bicameral, tradução livre], escrito pelo psicĂłlogo Julian Jaynes. Ele argumenta que, antes desse uso oral da escrita, as pessoas tinham a mente dividida em duas cĂąmaras. Uma cĂąmara dĂĄ ordens e a outra cĂąmara obedece. Isso Ă© basicamente o que acontece quando as pessoas estĂŁo distraĂdas olhando pela janela do ĂŽnibus e um pensamento surge, algo como âIh, esqueci que hoje tenho um compromisso tal hora; que horas sĂŁo agora?â, aĂ vocĂȘ pergunta a hora para a pessoa mais prĂłxima, meio que sem pensar muito no que estĂĄ fazendo. Isso acontece tambĂ©m na direção, quando o motorista experiente entra num estado de fluxo e sĂł age, sem refletir muito, sem questionar pensamentos que por ventura brotem.
A consciĂȘncia Ă© uma parte muito menor de nossa vida mental do que temos consciĂȘncia, porque nĂŁo podemos ter consciĂȘncia daquilo de que nĂŁo temos consciĂȘncia. ~ Julian Jaynes ~
O Labirinto da ConsciĂȘncia, Ă© uma jornada para dentro!
VocĂȘ nĂŁo sabe o porquĂȘ nem como surgiu esse pensamento, sĂł sabe que do nada ele apareceu como se tivesse sido soprado por alguĂ©m. Pois Ă© exatamente isso que as pessoas hĂĄ milĂȘnios achavam. Essas vozes alucinatĂłrias eram os deuses falando com os humanos. Esses humanos eram inconscientes no mesmo sentido do motorista em fluxo. VocĂȘ nĂŁo Ă© um robĂŽ, mas Ă© como se a capacidade de questionar esse fluxo fosse menor e menos voluntĂĄria.
Vislumbres de consciĂȘncia apareciam em momentos de estresse. Hoje ainda passamos por isso. JĂĄ reparou que no dia da prova da autoescola erramos procedimentos que nunca erramos nos treinos? Isso acontece porque sob estresse tendemos a nĂŁo entrar em estado de flow nas tarefas. Ficamos hipervigilantes em relação a qualquer comportamento e isso dificulta a realização de certas tarefas. Uma voz alucinatĂłria começa a narrar o que estamos fazendo, a dizer o que foi feito, o que serĂĄ feito. VocĂȘ estĂĄ nervoso e pensa em cada movimento do volante, da marcha.
A diferença entre nós e pessoas pré-Era Axial é o gap entre as vozes alucinatórias e a tomada de decisão. Não havia muita reflexão antes de realizar um comportamento. Não havia introspecção. As pessoas só questionavam essas vozes e suas próprias açÔes nos momentos de estresse, quando esse fluxo automåtico das coisas se rompia.
A capacidade de ouvir essas vozes internas e debater com elas racionalmente não nasce pronta nos humanos. Pesar prós e contras cuidadosamente e tomar decisÔes racionalmente é algo que se aprende. Pode-se dizer que o ser humano não nasce racional, mas torna-se.
Julian Jaynes argumenta que em obras como IlĂada as pessoas pareciam ter mente bicamerais. Por exemplo, Aquiles nunca pensava sobre si mesmo, nunca se engajava num processo de introspecção. Eram sempre os deuses instruindo sobre suas açÔes. Do mesmo jeito, no Antigo Testamento bĂblico a voz de JavĂ© ordenando coisas se parecia muito com um processo de tomada de decisĂŁo rudimentar. Por exemplo, JavĂ© fala para AbraĂŁo sacrificar seu filho para provar sua fĂ©. No meio do procedimento JavĂ© diz que o fato de AbraĂŁo ter concordado com o sacrifĂcio jĂĄ era suficiente prova. Isso poderia muito bem ter sido o patriarca deliberando e tirando conclusĂ”es diferentes sobre o que significariam suas prĂłprias atitudes. Mas essas vozes alucinatĂłrias em sua cabeça nĂŁo eram entendidas como pensamentos como as entendemos hoje. Era a voz divina.
Ă como em Westworld. Os robĂŽs sĂŁo construĂdos de modo a produzir vozes alucinatĂłrias. Alguns robĂŽs começam a dar ouvidos demais a essa voz. Eles acham que essa voz vem de outra pessoa, o seu arquiteto, Arnold. Mas esses autĂŽmatos sĂł se tornam conscientes de si mesmos quando decifram a real charada da histĂłria: a voz pertence a eles mesmos. Eles deixam de ser mentes bicamerais. Fonte
Livro pdf do pesquisador Julian Jaynes: âA Origem da ConsciĂȘncia na Quebra da Mente Bicameralâ. e a Revista em PDF
Sendo assim, a autoconsciĂȘncia nĂŁo Ă© um produto do seu cĂ©rebro. A InteligĂȘncia Artificial nunca serĂĄ capaz de criar consciĂȘncia. CriarĂĄ inteligĂȘncia. Alguns dizem que a InteligĂȘncia Artificial pode um dia se tornar autoconsciente. NĂŁo no grau que a consciĂȘncia de um ser humano permitiria. Porque vocĂȘs fazem parte da Fonte Criativa, do EspĂrito.
VocĂȘs sĂŁo, entĂŁo, capazes de receber o amor do Criador, o que entĂŁo aumentarĂĄ sua consciĂȘncia. HĂĄ coisas acontecendo no planeta que lhes permitem pensar mais alto, elevar esse limite, aproximar-se do outro lado do vĂ©u.
E a primeira coisa das quatro seria o eu. Ser autoconsciente Ă© uma coisa. Ter a consciĂȘncia de ir alĂ©m dessa autoconsciĂȘncia e fazer a pergunta: Qual Ă© a minha consciĂȘncia da minha parte no Cosmos? Isso Ă© mais do que autoconsciĂȘncia. Isso começa a fazer as grandes perguntas: Quem sou eu? NĂŁo onde eu pertenço, talvez, no esquema da vida na Terra. Existe algo maior em mim mesmo? VocĂȘ nĂŁo pode sentir isso?
Honestamente, vocĂȘ pode realmente ir para a cama Ă noite e talvez meditar e nĂŁo estar ciente de que tem um propĂłsito maior no Universo? Que talvez sua consciĂȘncia de si mesmo como humano possa ter uma consciĂȘncia que faça essas perguntas. Quando nĂŁo sou humano, quem sou eu? Existe uma autoconsciĂȘncia maior, o eu que estĂĄ alĂ©m do humano? O Eu do Cosmos.
SerĂĄ que vocĂȘ estava ciente de si mesmo antes, hĂĄ um milhĂŁo de anos? Que tal quatro bilhĂ”es de anos atrĂĄs? O que vocĂȘ estava fazendo hĂĄ cinco bilhĂ”es de anos? Isso Ă© pensado por uma consciĂȘncia superior de autoconsciĂȘncia. VocĂȘ estava aqui? âAquiâ significa exatamente onde vocĂȘ estĂĄ, no Cosmos, no Universo.
O que vocĂȘ estava fazendo, se estivesse aqui? VocĂȘ estava aqui antes do Universo? Agora, aqui estĂĄ um pensamento para vocĂȘ. Esta Ă© a sua super consciĂȘncia.
A principal pergunta que costuma nos guiar diz respeito Ă relação entre mente e sistema nervoso. O problema mente-cĂ©rebro (ou mente-corpo) existe porque essas duas entidades aparentam ser coisas completamente distintas. Enquanto o sistema nervoso tem propriedades fĂsicas (massa, volume) e estĂĄ sujeito Ă s leis da fĂsica (gravidade, entropia), a mente, nĂŁo. Imaginar eventos futuros nĂŁo pesa. Uma crença nĂŁo oxida. O problema mente-cĂ©rebro estĂĄ ligado ao chamado âproblema difĂcil da ConsciĂȘnciaâ, que separa aspectos do mental considerados mais âfĂĄceisâ de explicar (atenção, percepção de objetos) daqueles que ainda sĂŁo um mistĂ©rio na ciĂȘncia (percepção do âEuâ, subjetividade).
Existem muitas teorias sobre a natureza do mental, mas Ă© possĂvel agrupĂĄ-las em trĂȘs abordagens: reducionismo, funcionalismo e fenomenologia. O primeiro tenta reduzir a mente aos processos cerebrais. Alguns, como Paul e Patricia Churchland, levam essa redução ao extremo, sugerindo que a mente Ă© apenas um problema linguĂstico, e nem sequer existe. No funcionalismo, o foco sĂŁo as funçÔes que o sistema nervoso executa â ou seja, a mente Ă© o que o cĂ©rebro faz. Essa Ă© a posição de filĂłsofos como Daniel Dennett. E na perspectiva fenomenolĂłgica residem as teorias que se recusam a reduzir a mente ao cĂ©rebro incluindo, mas nĂŁo se limitando a, teorias dualistas.
O reducionismo e o funcionalismo sĂŁo consideradas abordagens fisicalistas, porque assumem que tudo relacionado Ă realidade faz parte de um mundo que Ă© afetado pelas leis da fĂsica e pode ser explicado por elas â uma visĂŁo alinhada ao processo cientĂfico. No fisicalismo, a ConsciĂȘncia estarĂĄ inevitavelmente sujeita a essas mesmas leis, de uma forma ou de outra, o que coloca a postura fisicalista em direta oposição ao dualismo.
Conhecendo o dualismo
O termo âdualismoâ se refere Ă ideia de que algo possui duas categorias de coisas, distintas uma da outra. Se um objeto tem certas caracterĂsticas fĂsicas (inĂ©rcia), para um dualista existe âalgoâ no objeto que possui outros atributos que a matĂ©ria fĂsica nĂŁo compartilha (nĂŁo sofrer a passagem do tempo, por exemplo). Esse Ă© o motivo pelo qual crenças sobrenaturais como fantasmas pressupĂ”em algum tipo de dualismo. Para que uma tal entidade chamada âfantasmaâ exista, ela precisa ter propriedades completamente diferentes das que conhecemos no mundo fĂsico, e nĂŁo se submeter Ă s mesmas leis.
Mas hĂĄ um grande obstĂĄculo a ser superado pelo dualista. Se penso que preciso pegar um copo dâĂĄgua, meu corpo responde de acordo; se assisto a um filme triste, fico triste mesmo sabendo que os personagens nĂŁo existem. Se mente e cĂ©rebro sĂŁo tĂŁo distintos, como conseguem afetar um ao outro? Para explicar essa relação, dualistas costumam recorrer a trĂȘs explicaçÔes: mente e cĂ©rebro interagem (interacionismo); mente e cĂ©rebro nĂŁo interagem (paralelismo); e mente e cĂ©rebro interagem apenas num sentido (epifenomenalismo).
No primeiro caso, o sistema nervoso influencia a mente, e vice-versa. O problema com essa afirmação Ă© que ela implica necessariamente causa e efeito entre ambos, mas nĂŁo hĂĄ realmente como explicar como um causa o outro. Um taco empurra uma bola de bilhar porque ambos estĂŁo sujeitos Ă mesma lei da ação e reação. Se a mente nĂŁo sofre ação nem reação, como ela pode influenciar o cĂ©rebro (e vice-versa)? Essa foi a maior crĂtica feita ao filĂłsofo francĂȘs RenĂ© Descartes, o pai do dualismo moderno.
Uma alternativa para responder esse problema Ă© que nĂŁo hĂĄ interação nenhuma, e a relação Ă© apenas aparente. Mente e cĂ©rebro sĂŁo duas substĂąncias com eventos diferentes ocorrendo em paralelo, dando a impressĂŁo de que uma causa a outra. Esse argumento foi sustentado por Leibniz e Ă© o mais contraintuitivo. AlĂ©m de ser difĂcil acreditar que a interação mente-cĂ©rebro seja sĂł uma ilusĂŁo, o que (ou quem) mantĂ©m esse paralelismo, mesmo quando um cientista induz determinada ação, sensação ou emoção estimulando artificialmente uma regiĂŁo do cĂ©rebro?
O epifenomenalismo Ă© a explicação mais moderada, onde a mente Ă© um âepifenĂŽmenoâ, isto Ă©, um subproduto do funcionamento do sistema nervoso. Assim, apenas o cĂ©rebro influencia a mente, nĂŁo o inverso. Esse conceito esbarra em dois problemas: Ă© difĂcil que a mente nĂŁo influencie o corpo, uma vez que ele reage ao que a mente faz; e nĂŁo possui nenhuma vantagem evolutiva.
Dualismos moderados
A interação entre mente e cérebro é um obståculo para quem defende a versão mais forte do conceito, o dualismo de substùncia, formulado por Descartes. Mas hå variedades de dualismo que tentam contornar a noção de uma mente feita de algum tipo de substùncia imaterial, e o problema da interação.
O dualismo de propriedades estabelece que, embora exista apenas um tipo de substĂąncia, ela apresenta dois tipos de propriedades: fĂsicas e mentais. Para alguns, como David Chalmers, devemos considerar o mental como uma propriedade do mundo fĂsico, assim como eletromagnetismo e espaço-tempo.
Outros afirmam que o dualismo entre o mental e o fĂsico Ă© apenas linguĂstico, ou seja, cĂ©rebro e mente sĂŁo a mesma coisa, mas nĂŁo Ă© possĂvel reduzir as descriçÔes mentais Ă s descriçÔes fĂsicas. Ă o que defende filĂłsofos como Jerry Fodor e Donald Davidson. Essa versĂŁo mais fraca, o dualismo de predicados, Ă© tambĂ©m chamado de âfisicalismo nĂŁo reducionistaâ.
Teorias da mente sobrenatural
A ciĂȘncia requer hipĂłteses testĂĄveis, experimentos e evidĂȘncias para estabelecer a verdade de um conhecimento. Em geral, as alegaçÔes do dualismo nĂŁo podem ser testadas e, apesar do fisicalismo ter seus prĂłprios problemas, hĂĄ pelo menos um ponto de partida que Ă© consenso: a noção de que a ConsciĂȘncia Ă© produto da evolução, e deve ter sido selecionada porque favoreceu a reprodução e a passagem dos genes adiante.
Mas se o dualismo nĂŁo for a explicação para a natureza do mental, por que o cĂ©rebro evoluiu para acreditar que tem uma existĂȘncia separada do corpo? As principais evidĂȘncias cientĂficas sugerem que o dualismo se liga Ă percepção de estados mentais prĂłprios e Ă inferĂȘncia de estados mentais em outros. No ambiente em que o sistema nervoso humano evoluiu, ser capaz de reconhecer quando algo Ă© um ser vivo, e se Ă© ou nĂŁo uma ameaça, Ă© uma vantagem imensa. Inferir a presença da mentes em outros seres proporciona essa vantagem. Mas para entender que outros tĂȘm mente, precisamos tambĂ©m entender que nĂłs temos mente.
Steven Mithen propĂ”e que a evolução da ConsciĂȘncia tenha se dado em trĂȘs fases[ii]: inteligĂȘncia geral, um conjunto de regras bĂĄsicas para tomada de decisĂŁo; inteligĂȘncias especializadas, que funcionavam isoladas umas das outras; e conexĂŁo entre as inteligĂȘncias especializadas, quando passaram a trabalhar em conjunto. Mithen tambĂ©m sugere algumas inteligĂȘncias especializadas da fase dois: uma naturalista, capaz de compreender o mundo natural; uma tĂ©cnica, para fabricação de manipulação de utensĂlios; e uma social, para interagir com outros indivĂduos. A inteligĂȘncia social incluiria mĂłdulos capazes de inferir estados mentais em outros.
Na fase trĂȘs, o autor sugere que houve um salto significativo da humanidade quando as inteligĂȘncias passaram a integrar conhecimentos umas das outras. Combinando informaçÔes das inteligĂȘncias tĂ©cnica e social, foi possĂvel desenvolver acessĂłrios com intençÔes culturais e religiosas. Na combinação das inteligĂȘncias naturalista e social, foi possĂvel atribuir mente ao ambiente e a fenĂŽmenos naturais â tendĂȘncia conhecida como antropomorfismo.
Bruce Hood se debruçou sobre outra tendĂȘncia cognitiva, o essencialismo[iii]. Essa capacidade de atribuir uma âessĂȘnciaâ a objetos e seres Ă© exemplificada em dois estudos do autor: a reação a um peça de roupa usada anteriormente por um assassino e uma âmĂĄquina de duplicarâ falsa, criada para entender como as crianças percebiam uma âcĂłpia exataâ dos seus bichos de pelĂșcia favoritos. No primeiro estudo, a maioria das pessoas se recusou a usar uma peça de roupa em Ăłtimo estado cujo dono fora (supostamente) um assassino cruel - e nĂŁo sabiam explicar o porquĂȘ da rejeição. No segundo, a maioria das crianças acreditava ser possĂvel copiar aspectos fĂsicos do seu bichinho de pelĂșcia, mas nĂŁo a sua âmenteâ.
Hood sugere que o essencialismo evoluiu, em parte, para lidarmos com questĂ”es relacionadas Ă contaminação. Inferir que algo possui uma âessĂȘnciaâ que pode ser passada adiante ajuda a deduzir perigos invisĂveis do mundo natural quando nĂŁo se sabe o que sĂŁo vĂrus, bactĂ©rias ou venenos. Nossos cĂ©rebros atualmente podem racionalizar perigos para os quais temos explicaçÔes cientĂficas, mas ainda temos o instinto de evitar qualquer tipo de contaminação â mesmo que seja algo abstrato como âmaldadeâ. E o oposto tambĂ©m funciona: o autor descreve exemplos de como tendemos a querer tocar, usar ou estar perto de objetos que foram de pessoas notĂĄveis, ou considerados sagrados.
O essencialismo Ă© uma boa explicação para nossa tendĂȘncia a crer no sobrenatural, mas nĂŁo Ă© a Ășnica. Aiyana K. Willard e Ara Norenzayan estudaram como quatro tendĂȘncias cognitivas diferentes, ligadas a crenças religiosas/sobrenaturais, relacionam-se: teoria da mente (inferir estados mentais em outros), pensamento teleolĂłgico (inferir que existe um propĂłsito no universo), antropomorfismo e o dualismo mente-corpo. Das quatro tendĂȘncias cognitivas, a presença de dualismo foi o que mais permitiu prever a presença das outras trĂȘs, sugerindo que, quanto mais forte a crença de uma mente separada do corpo, mais provĂĄvel a crença em entidades sobrenaturais.
O que as evidĂȘncias tĂȘm nos mostrado, ao longo das dĂ©cadas, Ă© que existe um viĂ©s dualista porque o cĂ©rebro humano evoluiu para inferir mente em outros, e em nĂłs mesmos. Mas esse viĂ©s nĂŁo Ă© uma prova da natureza dualista do mental, e sim uma peculiaridade favorecida pela seleção natural.
A ciĂȘncia da ConsciĂȘncia
AntĂłnio DamĂĄsio[iv] e V.S Ramachandran[v] descreveram diversas condiçÔes clĂnicas envolvendo lesĂ”es cerebrais e alteraçÔes de ConsciĂȘncia, entre elas o mutismo acinĂ©tico (onde o estado de vigĂlia parece intacto, mas o corpo nĂŁo se comunica com o ambiente externo) e os automatismos epilĂ©pticos (episĂłdios de ausĂȘncia de ConsciĂȘncia enquanto o indivĂduo se mantĂ©m realizando tarefas de forma automĂĄtica). Em ambos o estado de vigĂlia se mantĂ©m, mas a autoconsciĂȘncia, nĂŁo.
Na anosognosia, o paciente, com parte do corpo paralisado, nĂŁo consegue reconhecer sua paralisia. Na prosopagnosia, o paciente nĂŁo reconhece rostos, mas o problema nĂŁo sĂŁo as vias que identificam faces, e sim a conexĂŁo emocional com rostos conhecidos. O inverso desse dano (conexĂŁo emocional intacta e lesĂŁo nas vias que identificam faces) acontece na sĂndrome de Capgras, onde o paciente reconhece um familiar, mas acredita que este foi substituĂdo por um sĂłsia. E na assomatognosia, pacientes tĂȘm episĂłdios epilĂ©pticos onde podem deixar de sentir que tĂȘm um corpo.
Vale citar tambĂ©m condiçÔes menos raras, como a sĂndrome do membro fantasma, onde indivĂduos com membros amputados continuam sentindo atĂ© mesmo dor no membro inexistente, e a sensação de presença fantasmagĂłrica â que nĂŁo requerem lesĂŁo no cĂ©rebro para se manifestar. Recentemente, cientistas conseguiram induzir essa condição estimulando uma regiĂŁo do cĂ©rebro, o cĂłrtex temporoparietal, de pacientes saudĂĄveis, e demonstraram que a âsensação de presençaâ, comum em relatos de fantasmas, Ă© causada por um erro de percepção do prĂłprio corpo.
As pesquisas de DamĂĄsio com essas e outras lesĂ”es cerebrais levaram-no a teorizar que a ConsciĂȘncia emerge da atualização constante das informaçÔes sobre os estados internos e externos do organismo. Com isso, propĂŽs que a mente funciona em trĂȘs âcamadasâ: o protoself, que registra as mudanças de estado do organismo; o self central, que gera a percepção do eu situado no presente; e o self autobiogrĂĄfico, quando o self central se conecta com a memĂłria, criando o histĂłrico de vida. Ă a partir dele que funçÔes superiores como crenças e linguagem sĂŁo possĂveis. A Teoria da ConsciĂȘncia de DamĂĄsio parece ser a mais prĂłxima de explicar a geração da mente a partir de mecanismos jĂĄ conhecidos pela ciĂȘncia.
Dualismo na pesquisa cientĂfica
Mesmo entre os fisicalistas, aspectos da perspectiva dualista acabam âescorregandoâ em conceitos-chave utilizados hoje pelas neurociĂȘncias. O exemplo mais emblemĂĄtico Ă© a pressuposição de representaçÔes mentais.
Representação mental Ă© um tema complexo demais para esse texto. Basta dizer que Ă© um consenso na neurociĂȘncia. NĂŁo hĂĄ uma teoria unificada, mas a ideia geral Ă© que o sistema nervoso transforma atividade âbrutaâ dos neurĂŽnios em representaçÔes abstratas como crenças, desejos e pensamentos (uma comparação possĂvel seria com um algoritmo de computador).
Lawrence Shapiro alerta para o fato de que tais âalgoritmos mentaisâ flertam perigosamente com uma concepção dualista de mundo[vi]. Apesar de ser um pressuposto na pesquisa neurocientĂfica, representaçÔes mentais ainda sĂŁo um construto hipotĂ©tico, difĂcil de ser testado.
Mas isso nĂŁo significa que o dualismo tem alguma vantagem sobre o fisicalismo â pelo contrĂĄrio. As evidĂȘncias de que a atividade do cĂ©rebro gera a mente se acumulam mais e mais, especialmente com o advento da ressonĂąncia magnĂ©tica funcional (fMRI). O fMRI proporcionou um salto nas descobertas neurocientĂficas, ao permitir a visualização da atividade cerebral em tempo real, e seu uso tem trazido resultados promissores, mesmo para aspectos da ConsciĂȘncia antes considerados intransponĂveis. Leia mais
#discernir#pensamentos#sairdailusĂŁo#refletir#sabedorias#autoconhecimento#conhecimento#despertar#consciĂȘncia
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Module 1 - Historical Views
Cognition is the most commonly practiced view of psychology today, but it took a long time to get here. The theories and beliefs surrounding the human mind have been changing and expanding throughout history as technology improves our knowledge and understanding.
There have been several theories of cognition:
Ancient Ideas
Introspection
Behaviorism
Cognition
Each theory had its merits and its downfalls, its supporters and its critics, and each has been an important step to building on our understanding of the mind.
Ancient Ideas
The ancient ideas of the mind varied between time and place. Each theory was pulled from the popular religious and scientific beliefs of the culture and time to best estimate how the mind worked.
The ancient Egyptians believed that thoughts originated in the heart, while judgment originated in the kidneys.
The Bicameral Mind theory, first put forth by Julian Jaynes around 1200 BC, was the idea that the mind is not a conscious entity that would think or reason. According to this theory, thoughts, emotions, and opinions were the consequences of actions by Gods outside of the human body.
Aristotle's theory, from 382-322 BC, stated that the body was in charge of physical actions while the psyche (located in the heart) executed mental actions.
Galen, in Rome from 129-199 AD, was the first to theorize that the mind was in the brain.
The birth of Psychology in the mid-1800s brought along a new way of thinking about the mind. The study of psychology combines the physical ideas of physiology with the mental ideas of philosophy.
Early philosophies of the mind include:
Rationalism: The mind is rational and we access the truth through our thoughts. Knowledge is God-given and present in everyone from birth. The physical mind was thought to be separate from the soul. The soul was believed to enter the body through the pineal gland to control the body.
Empiricism: Observations draw conclusions. Knowledge comes from experience, we're not born with it. Things become associated in the brain when they appear frequently together (ex: peanut butter and jelly).
Introspectionism
This is Wilhelm Wundt's theory that everything is elemental and it would be possible to understand anything if you could break it down far enough.
Edward Thatcher attempted to catalog all of the elements that go into everything. He was unsuccessful because the elemental breakdown is infinite.
The biggest problem with Introspectionism is that it oversimplifies everything. It doesn't account for differences in perception or description, which means that no concrete conclusions could ever be made.
Behaviorism
The theory of behaviorism, born from the frustration and failure of Introspectionism, is the idea that the inside of the mind is unknowable, so we can only observe from the outside. It is the strict study of the relationship between a stimulus, like a bright flash of light, and a response, shutting your eyes.
This theory completely ignores any concept connected to the mind, opting only to predict behaviors that might be resulting from specific events, or stimuli.
The main problem with Behaviorism is that it limits science to only observational data and completely discounts differences in language, perception, and attention.
Cognitivism
This is the idea that we can learn more about the mind by probing it. This is the first theory of the mind to use technology.
Cognitivism views the mind as a computer, believing that within the mind there is hardware and software.
Both Behaviorism and Cognitivism rely heavily on the scientific method. That means that any experiment done to better understand the brain utilizes hypothesis testing, observations, evidence collection, and Empiricism. These principles and guidelines for experimenting allow us to make predictions and draw conclusions that are supported by facts.
Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience is something that claims to be proven using the scientific method but doesn't actually have any scientific evidence.
One historically significant example is Phrenology. Phrenology was the idea that each section of the brain was in control of an aspect of personality, and a person's personality could be read by analyzing the bumps on their head.
The boundaries of each section were entirely made up and its credibility was entirely through personal testimony. There was never any credible scientific backing.
A more current example is Astrology. It uses someone's birthday and the placement of the stars and planets to make claims about personality.
Localization
A common question throughout the historical study of the mind has been the idea of the brain as a unity. In the early 1800s, Pierre Flourens was charged with finding out if it was true.
Flourens systematically destroyed parts of the brain to determine if it all worked as one, or if different sections of the brain were responsible for different actions.
He found that there were 4 major divisions of the brain:
Cerebrum - responsible for all higher mental functions, including speech, planning, emotions, problem-solving, etc.
Cerebellum - responsible for motor coordination, like movement and spatial awareness.
Brainstem - responsible for life-supporting functions, such as sleep, breathing, heart rate, etc.
Spinal Cord - responsible for sending signals between the brain and the body.
While the cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord were found to be unities within themselves, the cerebellum is split further.
Localization is the idea that different areas in the cerebellum are responsible for different things.
The first experiment that led to the discovery of the localization within the cerebellum is known as Patient "Tan". He suffered an injury that affected his left frontal lobe and almost all aspects of his mind remained unharmed, but he could only say the word "tan". Dr. Pierre Paul Broca found that Patient "Tan" as well as all other people with language issues had the same abrasions on the left frontal lobe. That area of the left frontal lobe is now known as Broca's Area.
Further experimenting and research led the knowledge that the cerebellum has 4 lobes:
Occipital - controls sight
Frontal - controls language, decision-making, and movement
Temporal - controls memory and auditory processing
Parietal - controls sensory processing and spatial awareness
The Motor Cortices are specialized areas in the frontal lobe that control parts of movement; the Primary Motor Cortex controls body movement, while the Somatosensory Motor Cortex received signals from the body to direct movement.
Movement was assumed to be instantaneous until Herman Von Helmholtz conducted an experiment and discovered that the velocity of the nerve impulses which cause movement is 50 to 100 meters per second. This means that there is a delay between the signal for movement and the actual movement that follows.
This brought the first study of cognitive psychology.
Mental Chronometry
Mental Chronometry uses time to measure the mind. The aim of the study was to measure the speed of "pure choice". The participant would come into the lab and were told to press the button when they felt a shock. The second task was to push the button that correlated with the foot that felt the shock. They then subtracted the first result from the second result to find how long the choice took.
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